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1.At the beginning of the twentieth century， there were four powerful means of transmitting and receiving information over long distances：…

本句中的beginning 是一個名詞，意思是“開始，開端”。如：

means在本句中的意思是“方法;工具”

by all means 盡一切辦法

live within/beyond one's means 量入(不量入)為出

a means to an end 達到目的的方法

by some means or other 用某種方法

2.By the middle of the century， both radio and television had become established means of transmitting sounds and pictures.

句中所用的過去完成時，表示過去某時前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或情況。該動作已經(jīng)完成，或者可能延續(xù)下去。用by引起的時間狀語常與過去完成時連用。例如：

1)By the end of last June， they had visited 15 countries. (到去年六月底為止他們已經(jīng)訪問了15個國家。)

2)By the end of last year Henry had collected 1500 butterfly specimens. (到去年年底，亨利已經(jīng)采集了一千五百多個蝴蝶標本。)

established在句中做形容詞，意思是“常規(guī)的”。這個詞還可解釋為“(被)設立的;確認的;既定的;公認的”。例如：

1)a newly established organization (新設的組織)

2)the established principles of international law (公認的國際法準則)

3)an established fact (既成事實)

4)an established custom (常規(guī))

3.In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics Via satellite， television signals are first changed into radio waves，which are then sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite.

such as的后面既可以跟名詞也可以跟從句，意為“諸如…之類的”;“例如”或“像…這樣的人或事物”

which引導的是一個非限定性的定語從句。非限定性定語從句在修飾人時用who， whom或whose， 在修飾物時用which.非限定性定語從句常用逗號與主句分開

非限定性定語從句也可用關系副詞where或when來引導。非限定性定語從句的先行詞可以是一個詞，也可以是前面主句中的一個短語、從句或前面整個句子，通常用關系代詞which引導。

4.In theory， every person will have access to an unlimited amount of information.

in theory意為“從理論上來說;在理論上”，與其意思相反的詞組是in practice (在實踐中;實際上)。

have access to是一個很常用的詞組，意為“可接近，可進入”，to是介詞，動詞have也可用其他詞替換。如get，gain，give，win等。

information是一個不可數(shù)名詞，后面不可以加s，許多信息可以用a lot of information， a large amount of information， much information等表達。一條信息可以表達為a piece of information.

amount通常用在不可數(shù)名詞前面，如the amount of money; a considerable amount of prejudice (相當大的偏見)。在復數(shù)名詞前面可用number，如the number of mistakes; the number of students

5.The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in isolated areas where transportation is difficult.

how引導的是一個賓語從句。我們很熟悉的是that引導的賓語從句，而且that常常可以省略。如：We must remember (that)things are easier said than done. (我們必須記住事情都是說起來容易，做起來難。)

用連接代詞或副詞引導的賓語從句我們也應弄清楚。

provide是一個常用單詞，通常可以有如下用法：provide sth. to/for sb.; provide sb. with sth.; provide sb. sth.;provide that…，在前一個單元中，我們已對provide一詞有過講解

6.He was then able to follow the doctor's instructions on how to care for the patient.

句子中的on意思為“關于;有關”，可用about替換

care of 在句子中的意思是“照顧”，可用attend; look after替換。

care for 還可以解釋為“擔心”，“介意”，“愿意”，可用about替換for.

1)He doesn't care about/for his clothes. (他不講究衣著。)

2)The old lady cared much for her daughter's safety. (老太太非常為女兒的安全擔心。

7.The most common use of telecommunication satellites，however，has been for transmitting telephone calls.however

在本句中做副詞用，意思相當于but.但是however和but在用法上是有差異的。however不放在句首或句末時，前后通常都加逗號，而but則不用。請看例句：

1)It is not，however， the only answer to the question. (然而，這不是問題的唯一答案。)

2)I am sorry，but I won't be able to come this time. (很報歉，我這次不能來了。)

8. Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use quickly and easily， but some people worry that this may be a risk to our privacy.

available是一個形容詞，意思是“可得到的;可用的;有效的”。

1)I am sorry those shoes are not available in your size. (很報歉，那些鞋沒你的尺碼。)

2)If I am not available when you call， leave a message. (你打電話來時如果我不在，請留個言。)

9.We can prevent this from happening by carefully controlling the new technology.

prevent…from…意思為“阻止…發(fā)生”，也可用stop…from…或keep…from.From在前兩個短語中可被省去。

Nothing can prevent him (from)going there.(什么也阻止不了他去那兒。)

本課主要詞組及語法要點

詞組：

1. at the beginning of 2.means of

3. over long distance 4. by the middle of

5. such as 6. change into

7. from…to… 8. be capable of

9. not only…but… 10.in theory

11. have access to 12.amount of

13. provide…to… 14.follow sb's instructions

15. care for 16. as well as

17. at the same time 18. make…available

19. pay for 20.isolate…from…