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1.In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary.

class在本句中的意思是“種類”，相當于type， category.

class 還常用來表示“等級”，如：a second-class hotel (二等旅館);

class 也可以用動詞用，意思是“把 …分類;把…看作”，

make up 在本句中的意思是“組成、構成”，

用被動語態時則應用be made up of，

taken together 過去分詞短語做后置定語，對中心詞做一些附加說明，相當于一個非限定性定語從句，要用逗號和中心詞隔開

2.First，there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation，which we learn，that is to say，from the members of our own family and from our friends，and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.

句子中which引導的都是定語從句，修飾中心詞words.第一個which的前面有介詞with，這兒的with是familiar with中的介詞前置了。Familiar with 意為“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there?(站在那邊的那個人你熟悉嗎?)

請注意familiar with 與familiar to 的區別，familiar with 的主語通常是人，而familiar to的主語通常是物。

that is to say 是插入語，其作用是對整個一句話進行解釋，類似的插入語還有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等

2)The energy problem concerns us all (能源問題關系到我們每個人)

stock的意思很多，如“存貨”，“股票”，“公債券”，“牲畜”等。

stock in trade意思是“例行工作”，“常規”，

4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only.

since 在句中引導的是一個原因狀語從句，

at large 在本句中的意思是“整個”，這個詞組的意思還有很多，請看下面的句子：

1)The people at large love peace (大多數人熱愛和平)

2)The virus is still at large (這種病毒還在蔓延)

3)The murderer is still at large (殺人犯仍逍遙法外)

4)He talked at large about his plans (他詳盡地談了自己的計劃)

5)They made the arrangements at large (他們隨意地做了安排 )

5.請注意區別與possession 有關的兩個詞組：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb.

1)He is in possession of this house (他擁有這所房子)

2)The house is in the possession of him

3)On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.

英語中有許多表示啟承轉合的詞語，閱語中注意這些詞有助于我們提高理解力，寫作中注意用這些詞，有助于我們把文章寫得連貫、有條理。On the other hand 在本句中用來表示不同或相反的語氣，在前一段中講了popular word 這一段中作者則要講講learned words.表示不同或相反語氣的詞還有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。

前面我們提到過number可以與可數名詞連用，而amount可與不可數名詞連用，如：

1)A large number of students have passed the exam (許多學生已經通過了考試)

2)They paid a large amount of money for the house (他們付了一大筆錢買了這座房子)

6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home

occasion 通常可以做可數名詞用，意思是“時刻、場合”;也可以做不可數名詞用，意思是：“必要性、需要;機會”。

7.In the latter，we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning

在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .對兩件事分別進行表述時，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 這一類詞，條理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 來表述。derivation 是derive 的名詞形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁語詞源的詞”

8.The terms “popular”and“learned”，as applied to words，are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“術語、名稱”

term 還有“期限;任期;學期”的意思，如：

During his 4-year term of office，he did a lot of things for the common people.

(在他四年的任職期間，他為普通百姓做了不少事。)

apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如：

1)This rule applies to upper class students only (這條規則只適用于高年級學生。)

2)I don't think what he says applies to you (我想他的話對你不適用)

apply for 則是“申請”的意思

9.Still the classification into “learned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .

本句中的sound是形容詞，意思是“正確的;明智的”，如：

He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.

(做了正確的決定，他感到很高興。)

請看下面幾個句子，注意sound 在句中的意思：

1)He is sound in body and mind (他身心健康)

2)The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it (這所房了完好無損，別猶豫，買下它)

3)The baby is having a sound sleep.(寶寶在酣睡)

4)Father gave him a sound beating.(父親給他一頓痛打)

10.When we call a word “learned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people

not (that)…but (that)。意思“不是…。而是。”如：

1)I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .

(我又來這兒，不是因為我多喜歡這兒的景色，而是我愛這兒的人們。)

2)By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.

(叫他夏洛克，我不是說他的名字叫夏洛克，而是說他像夏洛克一樣吝嗇。)

due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如：

1)His failure was due to carelessness (他的失敗是由于粗心。)

2)Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.(由于缺少資金，他們不得不推遲計劃)

rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“與其……不如…”

1) He is a writer than a teacher (與其說他是教師，不如說他是作家。)

2)He lay rather than sit in the armchair (與其說他是坐在扶手椅上不如說是躺在里面。)