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1…a group of people related by blood or marriage， …

句子中的by常可與某些名詞連用，在名詞前面不加定冠詞the，意思相當于“with regard to”，“according to”。請看下面的例句：

1) He is an Englishman by birth(他祖籍英國。)

2) He is a teacher by profession(他以醫生為職業。)

relate是一個動詞，在句子中的意思是“使聯系”

relate還可解釋為敘述;有關，涉及;相處得好

related可以做形容詞用，意思是“有聯系的，相關的。”

2…all those people descended from a common ancestor， …所有來自同一祖先的人們。

“descended from a common ancestor”是一個省略了that的定語從句，修飾people.descended from的意思是“傳下，遺傳”

descend to 的意思是“屈尊，降低;轉而說到”

common是一個形容詞，意思是“共有的，共同的;普通的”

3Some people thank of a family as a mother， a father， and their children， …

think of …as …是一個很常用的詞組，意思是“把…看作…”，如：

與think of…as…意思相近的詞組在英語中還有很多。如：

regard…aslook upon…as…

see…as…view…as…

consider…as…

4For others， having a family simply means having children.

本句中，having a family做主語，mean為謂語動詞，having children 做賓語。mean在句中的意思是“意味著”。當mean作“意味著”解釋時，在它的后面應該跟名詞或者動名詞

當mean作“意欲，打算”解釋時，在它的后面通常跟不定式

5Some families have long histories， while others know very little about their ancestors.

請注意while的用法，在本句中while是一個表示轉折意味的連詞，意思是“然而”。

6No matter if it is young or old， large or small traditional or modern， every family has a sense of what a family is.

no matter if 連接讓步狀語從句，更常見的是用no matter whether.除了no matter whether以外，no matter wh-引導的讓步狀語從句還有：no matter what， no matter who， no matter whose， no matter which， no matter when， no matter where， no matter how等等。而用wh-ever引導讓步從句也是十分常見的。請看下面的例句：

1) No matter what happens， please let me know(無論發生什么事，請讓我知道。)

2) No matter who telephones， tell him I'm out(無論誰來電話，告訴他我出去了。)

3) No matter how hard I tried， I couldn't succeed(無論我多努力，我總不能成功。)

4) No matter whether you believe it or not， it's truth(無論你信不信，那總是事實。)

5) No matter where you go， I will follow you(無論你去哪里，我都跟著你。)

6) No matter which book you like you can have it(無論你喜歡哪本書，你都可以拿去。)

7) No matter whose money it is， we can't spend it so carelessly(無論是誰的錢，我們都不能這樣隨意地花)

上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下：

1) Whatever happens， please let me know.

2) Whoever telephones， tell him I'm out.

3) However hard I tried， I couldn't succeed.

4) Wherever you go， I will follow you.

5) Whichever book you like， you can have it.

7It is that feeling of belonging， of love and security that comes from living together， helping and sharing.

本句中的it代指課文前一句中的a sense of what a family isfeeling of belonging 意思為“歸屬感”。

security 是一個名詞，意思是“安全”。

that comes from living together， helping and sharing 是定語從句，修飾that feeling of belonging， of love and security.

8However， with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society， many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work.

本句中的however是一個表示轉折意味的副詞，有承接上文的作用，可以使這個句子和前面的句子連接得更緊密，有些接近連詞。

句中的with是一個介詞，意思是“隨著”

句子中的in order to find work做目的狀語，除了用in order to 以外，還可以用so as to，也可以把in order，so as省去，只用不定式

9Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes

句子中的therefore是一個副詞，通常用來表示后面將要表述的內容是前面已經表述的內容的結果，也可以用來引導一個結論。類似的表達還有：so，consequently，as a result 等等

as the society industrializes隨著社會的工業化。as是一個連詞，表示“當…時”。

本課中還有：

1)The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children.

2)As social scientists study these two new family forms， they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age.

10social scientists now talk of two new family forms…

本句中的talk是一個不及物動詞，在表達“談論某人(某事)”時，talk后面應該用介詞of或者about.

Text B The Changing American Family

短語表達

1all over

2provide for

They are trying to provide some guidance for the newcomers.

3be expected to

You are expected to be here before eight.

4take care of

The cat and the dog were taken good care of.

5on the other hand

6be considered to be

He is considered to be the best candidate for the job.