Chapter 5：The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)大英帝國的興衰

I. Whigs and Tories

輝格黨人和托利黨人

These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).

這兩個政黨名稱皆起源于1688年的光榮革命。

The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.

輝格黨人是指那些反對絕對王權，支持新教徒宗教自由權利的人。輝格黨人在19世紀中葉與持不同意見的托利黨人組盟組成自由黨。

The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.

托利黨人是指那些支持世襲王權、不愿去除國王的人。托利黨是保守黨的前身。

I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century

18世紀末的農業革命

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the “open-field” system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results:

18世紀末、19世紀初的農業革命期間，隨著《圈地法》的頒布，傳統的“開放田地”制結束。圈地運動持續了將近一個多世紀。農業圈地運動的利弊共存：

（1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small;

由于大農場兼并了小農場，農場成為越來越在的生產單位；

（2） More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied;

人們消費的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越來越多，飲食種類愈加豐富；

（3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evi